{"id":2746,"date":"2024-10-22T13:11:51","date_gmt":"2024-10-22T13:11:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/knobgear.com\/?p=2746"},"modified":"2024-11-29T14:57:24","modified_gmt":"2024-11-29T14:57:24","slug":"powerful-heat-engines-history-present-energy-sources","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/knobgear.com\/cs\/powerful-heat-engines-history-present-energy-sources\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fdkonn\u00e9 Tepeln\u00e9 stroje, Historie a Sou\u010dasnot Energetick\u00fdch Zdroj\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Tento \u010dl\u00e1nej je jedn\u00edm z m\u00fdch t\u0159\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f venovan\u00fdch t\u00e9matu globaln\u00edho oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1) <a href=\"https:\/\/knobgear.com\/cs\/reflections-on-the-problem-of-global-warming\/\">Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed Teorie o Glob\u00e1ln\u00edm Oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed a Vlivu CO2<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2) <a href=\"https:\/\/knobgear.com\/cs\/powerful-heat-engines-history-present-energy-sources\/\">V\u00fdkonn\u00e9 Tepeln\u00e9 stroje, Historie a Sou\u010dasnot Energetick\u00fdch Zdroj\u016f<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>3) <a href=\"https:\/\/knobgear.com\/cs\/renewable-energy-sources-impact-on-global-warming\/\">Obnoviteln\u00e9 zdroje energie a jejich vliv na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Je\u0161t\u011b, ne\u017e se dostanu k popisu energetick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, chci trochu osv\u011btlit v\u00fdznam uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 energie lidskou civilizac\u00ed. Asi naraz\u00edte na tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee lidsk\u00e9 tepeln\u00e9 zdroje maj\u00ed v\u00fdkon o \u010dty\u0159i \u0159\u00e1dy, ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e je v\u00fdkon, kter\u00fd na Zemi dopad\u00e1 ze Slunce, a t\u00edm je jejich vliv na klima bagatelizov\u00e1n. Podobn\u011b je bagatelizov\u00e1n vliv lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti na mno\u017estv\u00ed vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e, jak jsem ji\u017e zm\u00ednil v prvn\u00edm sv\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku \u201e\u00davahy k probl\u00e9mu glob\u00e1ln\u00edho oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c. Ob\u011b tato tvrzen\u00ed jsou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed chybou sou\u010dasn\u00e9 teorie \u0161kodlivosti CO2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"630\" height=\"410\" src=\"https:\/\/knobgear.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Steam_engine_in_action.gif\" alt=\"The animation of first Powerful Heat engines\" class=\"wp-image-2907\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">This animation shows the origin of Heat engine, it is taken from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steam_engine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zem\u011b p\u0159edstavuje tepelnou soustavu, kter\u00e1 se dlouhodob\u011b udr\u017euje v rovnov\u00e1ze. Zem\u011b absorbuje \u010d\u00e1st energie ze Slunce a z\u00e1rove\u0148 teplo sama vyza\u0159uje. M\u00edra vyza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed tepla dlouhovlnn\u00fdm elektromagnetick\u00fdm z\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm je z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na \u010dtvrt\u00e9 mocnin\u011b absolutn\u00ed teploty Zem\u011b. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pokud se teplota zem\u011b jen m\u00edrn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed vlivem nerovnov\u00e1hy mezi p\u0159ijat\u00fdm a vydan\u00fdm teplem, dojde k relativn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed vyz\u00e1\u0159en\u00e9ho tepla Zem\u00ed a tepeln\u00e1 rovnov\u00e1ha se znovu ustav\u00ed. Podstatn\u00e1 tedy nen\u00ed velikost dopadaj\u00edc\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed energie, ale k jak velk\u00e9 energetick\u00e9 nerovnov\u00e1ze dojde. V posledn\u00edch letech se energetick\u00e1 nerovnov\u00e1ha zem\u011b (EEI) \u00fadajn\u011b zdvojn\u00e1sobila na 460 TW. Tato hodnota se ned\u00e1 snadno zm\u011b\u0159it nebo vypo\u010d\u00edtat. M\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt samoz\u0159ejm\u011b zat\u00ed\u017eena velkou chybou. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b berme ji pro na\u0161e \u00favahy za pravdivou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tepeln\u00fd v\u00fdkon lidsk\u00e9 civilizace<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/knobgear.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/th-1.jpg\" alt=\"Energy Sources\" style=\"width:600px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Jak\u00fd je tepeln\u00fd v\u00fdkon cel\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 civilizace? Na\u0161el jsem ud\u00e1van\u00fd v\u00fdkon 18 TW. Z \u010deho se tento v\u00fdkon skl\u00e1d\u00e1? Celkov\u00fd v\u00fdkon vyroben\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 energie je pr\u00fd 3,5 TW. Ta se p\u0159i vyu\u017eit\u00ed zm\u011bn\u00ed v teplo. Odpadn\u00ed teplo, kter\u00e9 vznik\u00e1 p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b elektrick\u00e9 energie, je celkov\u011b minim\u00e1ln\u011b stejn\u011b velk\u00e9 jako vyroben\u00e1 elektrick\u00e1 energie, tedy dal\u0161\u00edch 3,5 TW. Tepeln\u00fd v\u00fdkon lidsk\u00e9ho t\u011bla \u010din\u00ed pro cel\u00e9 lidstvo asi 1 TW. V sou\u010dtu jen tyto \u00fadaje d\u00e1vaj\u00ed 8 TW. K tomu je t\u0159eba p\u0159i\u010d\u00edst v\u00fdkon v\u0161ech topeni\u0161\u0165 k vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, v\u00fdkon v\u0161ech dopravn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch spalovac\u00edmi motory, plynov\u00fdmi turbinami i jadern\u00fdm pohonem, v\u00fdkon v\u0161ech v\u00fdrobn\u00edch a technologick\u00fdch proces\u016f, p\u0159i kter\u00fdch se uvol\u0148uje teplo nap\u0159\u00edklad v hutnictv\u00ed. D\u00e1le teplo, kter\u00e9 uvol\u0148uje ve\u0161ker\u00e1 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 v\u00fdroba. \u00dadaj celkov\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu cel\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 civilizace se tedy d\u00e1 pova\u017eovat p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b rovn\u00fd 18 TW.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vyjasn\u011bme nyn\u00ed, jak\u00fdm procentem se pod\u00edl\u00ed lidsk\u00e1 civilizace na tepeln\u00e9 nerovnov\u00e1ze zem\u011b. Tento pod\u00edl je 18\/460=0,04. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee teplo uvoln\u011bn\u00e9 lidskou civilizac\u00ed se pod\u00edl\u00ed na energetick\u00e9 nerovnov\u00e1ze Zem\u011b asi 4 %. V\u00fdkon lidsk\u00e9 civilizace tedy nen\u00ed zanedbateln\u00fd, jak \u0159ada klima aktivist\u016f tvrd\u00ed. Je t\u0159eba si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee tento v\u00fdkon okolo 18 TW lidsk\u00e1 civilizace produkuje 24 hodin denn\u011b na cel\u00e9 planet\u011b ve dne i v noci. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To, jak jsem ji\u017e uvedl v <a href=\"https:\/\/knobgear.com\/cs\/reflections-on-the-problem-of-global-warming\/\">p\u0159edchoz\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku<\/a>, m\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv na mno\u017estv\u00ed vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e, a t\u00edm i na sklen\u00edkov\u00fd efekt, kter\u00fd vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ra zp\u016fsobuje. Potvrzuj\u00ed to tak\u00e9 Informace o vzr\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 vlhkosti vzduchu. Je\u0161t\u011b bych cht\u011bl znovu p\u0159ipomenout, \u017ee z\u00e1kladem sou\u010dasn\u00e9 teorie \u0161kodlivosti CO2 je v\u00fdpo\u010det z roku 1859, kter\u00fd formuloval John Tyndall a vyjad\u0159uje z\u00e1vislost oteplen\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry jen na obsahu CO2 v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e. Dal\u0161\u00ed vlivy zcela opom\u00edj\u00ed jako nev\u00fdznamn\u00e9. Av\u0161ak od t\u00e9 doby stoupl po\u010det obyvatel na Zemi \u0161estin\u00e1sobn\u011b a tepeln\u00fd v\u00fdkon civilizace stoupl odhadem asi patn\u00e1ctkr\u00e1t. Nev\u00edm, zda v\u00fdpo\u010det byl v roce 1859 spr\u00e1vn\u00fd, ale jeliko\u017e nebere v \u00favahu vliv uvoln\u011bn\u00e9 energie sou\u010dasnou civilizac\u00ed, nem\u016f\u017ee dnes platit. Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee sou\u010dasn\u00e1 teorie \u0161kodlivosti CO2 je zat\u00ed\u017eena obrovskou chybou. Prim\u00e1rn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem udr\u017eitelnosti lidsk\u00e9 civilizace je nejsp\u00ed\u0161e jej\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e1 velikost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O tom, \u017ee se civilizace vyzna\u010duje zv\u00fd\u0161enou energetickou spot\u0159ebou, nen\u00ed pochyb. Dovol\u00edm si vsuvku. Astronomov\u00e9 a fyzici hledaj\u00ed mimozemsk\u00e9 civilizace pr\u00e1v\u011b podle specifick\u00e9ho dlouhovlnn\u00e9ho tepeln\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bly civilizace produkovat. Tak\u00e9 ji\u017e d\u00e1vno ozna\u010dili stupn\u011b vysp\u011blosti civilizac\u00ed, dle mno\u017estv\u00ed energie, kter\u00e9 dan\u00e1 civilizace spot\u0159ebuje (tedy vyz\u00e1\u0159\u00ed).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Je tedy s podivem, \u017ee se glob\u00e1ln\u00ed oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed nijak nespojuje s vlivem tepeln\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu lidsk\u00e9 civilizace, kter\u00fd je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00fd na po\u010dtu lid\u00ed a jejich energetick\u00e9 spot\u0159eb\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na druhou stranu je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee tepeln\u00e1 soustava Zem\u011b si tepelnou rovnov\u00e1hu udr\u017euje sama d\u00edky zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9mu vyza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed tepla. P\u0159i sou\u010dasn\u00e9 velikosti civilizace je prost\u011b jist\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 teploty z\u00e1konit\u00e9 a nen\u00ed t\u0159eba se tomu p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 podivovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Energetick\u00e9 zdroje a tepeln\u00e9 stroje<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Za\u010dnu trochu histori\u00ed modern\u00ed civilizace a jej\u00ed energetikou. Nejprve bych cht\u011bl p\u0159ipomenout, \u017ee rozvoj lidsk\u00e9 civilizace je pevn\u011b spojen s vyn\u00e1lezy tepeln\u00fdch stroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 dali lidstvu energii pro zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, pr\u016fmyslovou v\u00fdrobu, dopravu, i v\u0161echny dal\u0161\u00ed civiliza\u010dn\u00ed vymo\u017eenosti. Na t\u00e9to skute\u010dnosti se nic nezm\u011bnilo a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nezm\u011bn\u00ed n\u011bkolik dal\u0161\u00edch desetilet\u00ed a mo\u017en\u00e1 i stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Co to jsou tepeln\u00e9 stroje? Pokus\u00edm se je vyjmenovat postupn\u011b dle jejich vzniku nebo dle jejich roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed. Stirling\u016fv motor, parn\u00ed stroj, Lenoir\u016fv plynov\u00fd motor, spalovac\u00ed Ott\u016fv motor, Diesel\u016fv motor, parn\u00ed turb\u00edna, plynov\u00e1 turb\u00edna. Tyto stroje p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed tepelnou energii v energii mechanickou. Ta m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k elektrick\u00e9mu gener\u00e1toru p\u0159em\u011bn\u011bna na energii elektrickou. A\u010d to vypad\u00e1, \u017ee tepeln\u00fd stroj je slovo dnes neslu\u0161n\u00e9, drtiv\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st energie sou\u010dasn\u00e9 civilizace vznik\u00e1 s pou\u017eit\u00edm tepeln\u00fdch stroj\u016f. V\u0161echny jadern\u00e9 a tepeln\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed turb\u00edn k v\u00fdrob\u011b elekt\u0159iny. V\u011bt\u0161ina automobil\u016f, lod\u00ed a letedel je poh\u00e1n\u011bna tepeln\u00fdm strojem. Stejn\u011b tak v\u011bt\u0161ina elektrick\u00e9 energie, kter\u00e1 poh\u00e1n\u00ed elektromobily je z\u00edsk\u00e1na s pou\u017eit\u00edm tepeln\u00fdch stroj\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost p\u0159em\u011bny tepeln\u00e9 energie v energii mechanickou je omezena teoreticky nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed dosa\u017eitelnou termodynamickou \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed takzvan\u00e9ho Carnotova cyklu. Pro \u00fa\u010dinnost Carntova cyklu plat\u00ed vztah <strong>\u03b7=1-T2\/T1<\/strong> . Vyhnu se podrobn\u00e9mu vysv\u011btlen\u00ed tohoto cyklu. V praxi nelze splnit podm\u00ednky tohoto cyklu a \u00fa\u010dinnost re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho tepeln\u00e9ho stroje je v\u017edy ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u00fa\u010dinnost Carnotova cyklu. Jen stru\u010dn\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka. Teplota T1 (\u00b0K) je nap\u0159\u00edklad vstupn\u00ed teplota p\u00e1ry do turbiny nebo spalovac\u00ed teplota v p\u00edstov\u00e9m motoru. T2 (\u00b0K) je v\u00fdstupn\u00ed teplota p\u00e1ry z turbiny nebo teplota v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch plyn\u016f u spalovac\u00edho motoru. Potenci\u00e1l dosa\u017een\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti m\u00e1 tepeln\u00fd stroj s co nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edm pom\u011brem T2\/T1. To znamen\u00e1 s co nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm teplotn\u00edm sp\u00e1dem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>U re\u00e1ln\u00fdch tepeln\u00fdch stroj\u016f je skute\u010dn\u00e1 celkov\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost zpravidla ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 50 %. Je t\u0159eba d\u00e1t pozor p\u0159i vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9m posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed tepeln\u00fdch stroj\u016f. Celkov\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost by m\u011bla vyjad\u0159ovat pom\u011br z\u00edskan\u00e9 mechanick\u00e9 energie k dodan\u00e9mu teplu. M\u011bl by to b\u00fdt sou\u010din termodynamick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti a mechanick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti. Pozor ale, nap\u0159\u00edklad u parn\u00edch turbin ud\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdrobce takzvanou vnit\u0159n\u00ed termodynamickou \u00fa\u010dinnost. Skute\u010dn\u00e1 termodynamick\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost turbiny je ale sou\u010din vnit\u0159n\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti a \u00fa\u010dinnosti Carnotova cyklu. Tak\u017ee pokud m\u00e1 parn\u00ed turbina ud\u00e1vanou vnit\u0159n\u00ed termodynamickou \u00fa\u010dinnost 72 % je v\u00fdsledn\u00e1 skute\u010dn\u00e1 termodynamick\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost dle teplot v ob\u011bhu okolo 45 %. Nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi tepeln\u00fdmi stroji jsou velk\u00e9 dieselov\u00e9 motory (instalovan\u00e9 nap\u0159. v zaoce\u00e1nsk\u00fdch lod\u00edch), kter\u00e9 dosahuj\u00ed celkovou \u00fa\u010dinnosti p\u0159es 50 %. Pokud bychom jejich \u00fa\u010dinnost hodnotili jako u turbin takzvanou vnit\u0159n\u00ed tepelnou \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed, dos\u00e1hli bychom \u00fa\u010dinnosti p\u0159es 80 %.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pro p\u0159edstavu parn\u00ed stroj m\u011bl celkovou \u00fa\u010dinnost zpravidla okolo 12 % a zp\u016fsobil velkou pr\u016fmyslovou revoluci v 19. stolet\u00ed, a je\u0161t\u011b v 70. letech 20. stolet\u00ed jezdily v \u010cesku rychl\u00edkov\u00e9 parn\u00ed lokomotivy. Dobr\u00e9 je si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee bez tepeln\u00fdch stroj\u016f se neobejdeme ani v budoucnu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jak jsem ji\u017e v\u00fd\u0161e uvedl, nejedn\u00e1 se jen o uheln\u00e9 nebo plynov\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny a spalovac\u00ed motory. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9 sou\u010dasn\u00e9 jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny je parn\u00ed turb\u00edna, kter\u00e1 p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uje tepelnou energii, kter\u00e1 vznikne jadern\u00fdm \u0161t\u011bpen\u00edm, na energii mechanickou. Ta se pak v gener\u00e1toru m\u011bn\u00ed na energii elektrickou. Pokud se n\u00e1m poda\u0159\u00ed v budoucnu zvl\u00e1dnout termojadernou f\u00fazi, bude uvoln\u011bn\u00e1 tepeln\u00e1 energie pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b tak\u00e9 poh\u00e1n\u011bt parn\u00ed turb\u00ednu. D\u00edky tepeln\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti bude asi polovina tepla v\u017edy odch\u00e1zet p\u0159\u00edmo \u010di nep\u0159\u00edmo do atmosf\u00e9ry. Z chlad\u00edc\u00edch v\u011b\u017e\u00ed elektr\u00e1ren odch\u00e1z\u00ed do atmosf\u00e9ry toto teplo prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry, kter\u00e1 je nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sklen\u00edkov\u00fdm plynem. Vyroben\u00e1 elektrick\u00e1 energie se po spot\u0159ebov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9\u017e zm\u011bn\u00ed v teplo oh\u0159\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Je\u0161t\u011b dlu\u017e\u00edm klimatick\u00fdm aktivist\u016fm a nad\u0161enc\u016fm do elektromobility sv\u016fj n\u00e1zor na takzvan\u00e9 obnoviteln\u00e9 zdroje energie a elektromobilitu. Tomu se budu v\u011bnovat podrobn\u011bji v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm (t\u0159et\u00edm) \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Zem\u011b p\u0159edstavuje tepelnou soustavu, kter\u00e1 se dlouhodob\u011b udr\u017euje v rovnov\u00e1ze. Zem\u011b absorbuje \u010d\u00e1st energie ze Slunce a z\u00e1rove\u0148 teplo sama vyza\u0159uje. M\u00edra vyza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed tepla dlouhovlnn\u00fdm elektromagnetick\u00fdm z\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm je z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na \u010dtvrt\u00e9 mocnin\u011b absolutn\u00ed teploty Zem\u011b. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pokud se teplota zem\u011b jen m\u00edrn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed vlivem nerovnov\u00e1hy mezi p\u0159ijat\u00fdm a vydan\u00fdm...<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2747,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2746","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-knobgear-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/knobgear.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2746","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/knobgear.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/knobgear.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/knobgear.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/knobgear.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2746"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/knobgear.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2746\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/knobgear.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2747"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/knobgear.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2746"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/knobgear.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2746"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/knobgear.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2746"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}